Previous Article | Next Article 
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 1999, p. 1771-1776, Vol. 37, No. 6
0095-1137/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
The Calgary Biofilm Device: New Technology for Rapid
Determination of Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Bacterial
Biofilms
H.
Ceri,1,2,3,*
M. E.
Olson,1,2,3
C.
Stremick,1
R. R.
Read,1,3
D.
Morck,1,2 and
A.
Buret1,2
Biofilm Research
Group,1 Biological
Sciences,2 and Microbiology & Infectious
Diseases,3 University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
Received 25 August 1998/Returned for modification 21 December
1998/Accepted 8 March 1999
 |
ABSTRACT |
Determination of the MIC, based on the activities of antibiotics
against planktonic bacteria, is the standard assay for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Adherent bacterial populations (biofilms) present with an innate lack of antibiotic susceptibility not seen in
the same bacteria grown as planktonic populations. The Calgary Biofilm
Device (CBD) is described as a new technology for the rapid and
reproducible assay of biofilm susceptibilities to antibiotics. The CBD
produces 96 equivalent biofilms for the assay of antibiotic susceptibilities by the standard 96-well technology. Biofilm
formation was followed by quantitative microbiology and scanning
electron microscopy. Susceptibility to a standard group of antibiotics was determined for National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) reference strains: Escherichia coli ATCC
25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. Growth curves
demonstrated that biofilms of a predetermined size could
be formed on the CBD at specific time points and, furthermore, that no
significant difference (P > 0.1) was seen
between biofilms formed on each of the 96 pegs. The antibiotic
susceptibilities for planktonic populations obtained by the
NCCLS method or from the CBD were similar. Minimal biofilm
eradication concentrations, derived by using the CBD,
demonstrated that for biofilms of the same organisms, 100 to 1,000 times the concentration of a certain antibiotic were often required for
the antibiotic to be effective, while other antibiotics were found to
be effective at the MICs. The CBD offers a new technology for the
rational selection of antibiotics effective against microbial
biofilms and for the screening of new effective antibiotic compounds.
| |
INTRODUCTION |
The MIC has long been the standard
for antibiotic susceptibility testing. The MIC measures the actions of
antibiotics against planktonic organisms and serves as an important
reference in the treatment of many acute infections. Application of
MICs in the treatment of chronic or device-related infections involving
bacterial biofilms is often ineffective (4). Bacterial
biofilms, which are microcolonies encased in extracellular
polysaccharide material (slime), result from the adherence of bacteria
to surfaces both in vitro (2-4, 20) and in vivo (1a,
9, 11, 13). Numerous studies have now demonstrated that
biofilm-grown microorganisms have an inherent lack of susceptibility to
antibiotics, whereas planktonic cultures of this same organism do not
(1a, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14-17, 19-22). This resistance is lost
once the biofilm is reverted to conditions that permit planktonic
growth (4). The innate tolerance of microbial biofilms to
antibiotic therapy has led to problems in their eradication
(19) and in the management of patients with device-related
infections (18). Biofilms may also interfere with the immune
clearance of infectious agents (7). This difference in
antibiotic susceptibility between planktonic and biofilm populations of
the same organism may result from differences in the diffusion of
antibiotics (17) or much more complex changes in the
microbial physiology of the biofilm (4, 5, 6, 20). Several
different techniques have been used to study biofilm populations
(2, 3, 16). The modified Robbin's device (MRD) has provided
important information regarding biofilm physiology and antibiotic
susceptibility (8, 12, 14). Morck et al. (12)
demonstrated an important correlation between the antibiotic
susceptibilities of biofilms in vitro using the MRD and the
efficacy of antibiotic treatment in vivo. While the MRD has
proven to be an effective model of biofilm formation, it is not suited
for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing in a clinical laboratory
setting. In this paper we describe a new technology, the Calgary
Biofilm Device (CBD), for the rapid and reproducible screening of the
antibiotic susceptibilities of biofilms.
| |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
Organisms.
Standard reference strains Escherichia
coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, proposed for quality
control use by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
(NCCLS), were used in this study. The isolates were grown in Trypticase
soy broth (TSB; BBL from Fisher Canada), which was also used in the
reaction vessel to initiate biofilm formation. Bacterial counts were
done on Trypticase-soy agar (TSA; BDH). Antibiotic susceptibility
screening and recovery of viable biofilm organisms were carried out in
cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB; BDH).
CBD.
The CBD (Fig. 1) consists
of a two-part reaction vessel. The top component forms a lid that has
96 pegs and that is sealed on the top so that the pegs can be removed
without opening the vessel and allowing possible contamination. The
pegs are designed to sit in the channels of the bottom component of the
reaction vessel and to fit into the wells of a standard 96-well plate. The bottom of the vessel serves to channel the flow of medium across
the pegs to create consistent shear force across all pegs, resulting in
the formation of equivalent biofilms at each peg site. The CBD is
commercially available as the MBEC Assay System, with both the device
and method of use the property of and available through MBEC Biofilms
Technology Ltd., Calgary Alberta, Canada.
View larger version (70K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 1.
CBD for biofilm antibiotic susceptibility testing. (A)
Tilt table used to create the shear force required for biofilm
formation. The table can be placed in incubators to control temperature
or oxygen tension. (B) Cutaway view of the device showing the pins
sitting in the channels of the incubation tray. (C) Top plate of the
device.
|
|
Biofilm formation.
The inoculum was established by the
direct colony suspension method from 18- to 24-h TSA plates,
standardized with McFarland standards, and validated by determination
of viable counts on TSA plates. Biofilm formation was carried out at
35°C and 95% relative humidity on a rocking table (Red Rocker model;
Hoefer Instrument Co.) such that fluid flowed along the channels of the CBD, generating the required shear force across all pegs. Biofilm formation was determined by obtaining viable counts on TSA plates following disruption of the biofilm by sonication (12). The bacteria could be removed either from individual pegs, broken from the
lid, or from all pegs at one time, by sonication for 5 min on high with
an Aquasonic (model 250HT; VWR Scientific) sonicator.
Biofilm growth curves.
Biofilms of each isolate were
initiated as described above. At specific time points two pegs from
different points on the lid were removed, placed in microcentrifuge
tubes containing 200 µl of TSB, and sonicated as described above.
Viable counts were determined on TSA plates. The same procedure was
used to control for the numbers of CFU per peg in all antibiotic
susceptibility tests prior to exposure to antibiotic.
Antibiotic susceptibility tests. (i) Antibiotic preparation.
Amikacin (ICN), ampicillin (Sigma), aztreonam (ICN), cefazolin
(Sigma), cefotaxime (Sigma), ceftazidime (Eli Lilly), ciprofloxacin (Bayer), clindamycin-HCl (Pharmacia & Upjohn), gentamicin sulfate (Sigma), imipenem (Merck-Frost), oxacillin (Sigma), penicillin G
(Sigma), piperacillin (Sigma), tobramycin (Sigma), and vancomycin (Sigma) were prepared as stock solutions of 6,200 µg/ml, and the stock solutions were stored at 
80°C. Working solutions were
prepared in CAMHB at a concentration of 1,024 µg/ml, and from these
working solutions serial twofold dilutions were made in CAMHB in the
wells of the 96-well plate.
(ii) Biofilm susceptibility testing.
Biofilms were formed on
the lid of the CBD as described above and were then transferred to a
standard 96-well plate in which dilutions of the specified antibiotics
were prepared in CAMHB. Antibiotic plates were incubated
overnight at 35°C, after which the lid was removed, rinsed in
phosphate-buffered saline, and placed in a second 96-well plate
containing CAMHB. The biofilm was removed from the CBD lid by
sonication as described above, a new plate cover was added, and the
viability of the biofilm was determined after 24 h of incubation
at 35°C either by obtaining plate counts or by reading the turbidity
at 650 nm in a 96-well plate reader (Molecular Devices from Fisher
Canada). The minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was
defined as the minimal concentration of antibiotic required to
eradicate the biofilm.
(iii) MIC assays.
MICs were determined according to the 1997 guidelines of NCCLS. The concentration of antibiotic required to
prevent the growth of a planktonic population was also derived from the
CBD by measuring the turbidity at 650 nm after incubation of the
isolate in antibiotics for 24 h. In this case the MIC (CBD) was
defined as the lowest concentration of antibiotic in which a planktonic
bacterial population could not be established by shedding of bacteria
from the biofilm.
SEM.
Pins were broken from the lid and allowed to air dry
overnight. Samples were then fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in
phosphate-buffered saline (0.2 M; pH 7.4) and were prepared for
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a Hitachi model 450 scanning
electron microscope as reported previously (12).
Statistics.
The biofilms that formed on each of the pegs
were compared by one-way analysis of variance by applying the
Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variances and the Tukey-Kramer
multiple-comparisons test.
| |
RESULTS |
Biofilm formation on the CBD.
Biofilm growth curves for
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus are shown in Fig. 2.
Densities of 4 × 105 organisms per peg were
reached by E. coli in 6 h, P. aeruginosa in
4 h, and S. aureus in 7 h. E. coli and
P. aeruginosa reached final biofilm concentrations of
3 × 107 to 5 × 107 after 24 h,
and S. aureus reached a maximal density of 1 × 105 to 2 × 105 CFU/peg. To test the
variability of biofilms formed at each peg site, the biofilms were
grown to reach a specific density, as predicted by the growth curve.
The lid was then sonicated and the contents of each well were plated.
No difference was seen between the biofilms that formed on the pegs of
each row, as shown for P. aeruginosa in Fig.
3. Table 1
compares the mean, median, standard deviation, lower and upper 95%
confidence intervals, and maximum and minimum counts found across the
device at 4 and 24 h of growth of P. aeruginosa,
and the results validate the equivalence of each of the 96 biofilms
produced. The data in Fig. 3 represent data from four separate
experiments. SEM of the biofilm formed by E. coli on the CBD
(Fig. 4) demonstrates the attached bacteria and the formation of a biofilm.
View larger version (10K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 2.
Growth curves of E. coli ATCC 25922 (A),
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (B), and S. aureus ATCC
29213 (C) demonstrating that a biofilm of a specific size can be
produced over a specific period of growth on the CBD. The number of
bacteria per peg was determined by breaking pegs from the lid at
appropriate times and determining the bacterial number as described in
Materials and Methods.
|
|
View larger version (31K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 3.
Mean number of CFU of P. aeruginosa per peg
on the MBEC device determined by plating bacteria sonicated from each
peg position for biofilms grown for 4 or 24 h, as described in
Materials and Methods. The values obtained were compared by analysis of
variance and Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance. No
significant difference was found between rows (P = 0.9982).
|
|
View larger version (155K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 4.
Scanning electron micrograph of an E. coli
biofilm formed on the MBEC device. Pins from the device were broken off
and fixed as described in Materials and Methods. Bar, 50 µm.
|
|
Antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli ATCC 25922.
E. coli biofilms that were grown for 6 h and that
reached counts of 1.5 × 106 CFU/peg were used
for susceptibility testing. Two pegs from all plates used in
these studies were sonicated, and plate counts were determined to
ensure that the appropriate biofilm had been developed during the
incubation period. The MICs and MBECs of penicillins (ampicillin
and piperacillin), cephalosporins (cefazolin and cefotaxime),
aminoglycosides (gentamicin and tobramycin), quinolones
(ciprofloxacin), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for E. coli ATCC 25922 are presented in Table
2. Similar results were obtained in at
least two independent studies with each organism. The MICs of
ampicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, and
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole either obtained by the NCCLS standard method or derived from the CBD were similar and within the NCCLS quality control (QC) range for this organism. The
NCCLS method-derived MICs of cefotaxime and tobramycin fell within the NCCLS QC range; however, the MICs derived from the CBD were
approximately 10-fold higher for cefotaxime and 4-fold higher for
tobramycin. The MIC of gentamicin was 1 dilution above the maximum QC
value when the MIC was derived by NCCLS methods and 1 further dilution higher when it was derived from the CBD. The biofilm formed by this
E. coli strain proved to be significantly more resistant to
antibiotics than a planktonic culture of the same organism. The MBECs
were 1,000-fold or more greater than the MICs for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, and
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The MBEC of piperacillin fell in the
intermediate range of susceptibility for MIC assays. The gentamicin
concentration required for biofilm eradication was high, i.e., within
resistant levels in MIC assays, but was within ranges achievable in
humans. The most active antibiotic against the E. coli
biofilm was tobramycin, with an MBEC of 2 µg/ml; the organism would
be considered sensitive under NCCLS standards for an MIC assay.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
TABLE 2.
Antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli ATCC
25922 as a planktonic population (MIC) and as a biofilm population
(MBEC) as derived by the NCCLS assay and an assay with the CBD
|
|
Antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853.
P. aeruginosa biofilms of 3 × 106 CFU/peg
were formed in 4 h of incubation. The MICs and MBECs of a
penicillin (piperacillin), a cephalosporin (ceftazidime), a quinalone
(ciprofloxacin), aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, and
tobramycin), monobactams (aztreonam), and carbapenems (imipenem), which
are typically used against P. aeruginosa, were obtained. The
MICs obtained by NCCLS methods fell within the prescribed QC range, as
did the MICs derived from the CBD, for all antibiotics except
gentamicin, which required 1 higher dilution (Table
3). Again, a marked difference between the MICs and the MBECs of most antibiotics was seen. Aztreonam, ceftazidime, imipenem, and piperacillin showed no activity at concentrations 1,000-fold or more greater than the MIC. The
concentration of gentamicin required to eliminate the biofilm was
60-fold greater than the MIC. The other aminoglycosides (tobramycin and
amikacin) were effective against the biofilm at concentrations within
the susceptible range for the MIC assay. Ciprofloxacin required a concentration of 4 µg/ml to eradicate the biofilm, but this
concentration falls outside the susceptible range by MIC standards but
still represents obtainable drug levels.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
TABLE 3.
Antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa
ATCC 27853 as a planktonic population (MIC) and as a biofilm population
(MBEC) as derived by the NCCLS assay and an assay with the CBD
|
|
Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus ATCC 29213.
S. aureus biofilms of 2 × 105 CFU/peg were
formed in 6 h of incubation. The susceptibility of this QC isolate
to penicillins (penicillin and oxacillin), a cephalosporin (cefazolin),
a quinolone (ciprofloxacin), an aminoglycoside (gentamicin), a
glycopeptide (vancomycin), and clindamycin was determined. The MICs of
all the antibiotics obtained by the NCCLS protocol fell within the QC
range, as did the MICs of all antibiotics as derived from the CBD
(Table 4). Again, the MICs were not
always predictive of the MBECs. The MBECs of penicillin, oxacillin,
cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin were 100- to
1,000-fold higher than the MICs for planktonic populations of this
organism. Only the aminoglycoside gentamicin had activity against the
S. aureus biofilm.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
TABLE 4.
Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus ATCC
29213 as a planktonic population (MIC) and as a biofilm population
(MBEC) derived by the NCCLS assay and an assay with the CBD
|
|
| |
DISCUSSION |
The CBD produced 96 equivalent biofilms, making it the first assay
system truly amenable to antibiotic susceptibility testing for adherent
bacterial populations. The reproducibilities of the results for
biofilms formed on each of the pegs of the CBD demonstrate the
equivalence of the biofilms formed at each of the sites for susceptibility testing. In addition, the reproducible growth curves obtained for each isolate demonstrate that biofilms of a predicted size
can be formed on each peg of the CBD lid (Fig. 2). It is therefore
possible to select a target biofilm size for antibiotic susceptibility
testing and to expose the biofilm to multiple antibiotics in a single
assay. SEM of the biofilms that formed (Fig. 3) on the CBD demonstrates
the typical biofilm appearance, as seen on the modified Robbin's
device (MRD) or on catheter surfaces (12, 13). Therefore,
the major advantages offered by the CBD are its multiple equivalent
biofilms that can be used for testing and its ease of use. The CBD
requires no pumps or tubing, making the process much simpler to set up
than the MRD, and eliminates a major source of possible contamination.
The availability of multiple testing sites greatly reduced the time
required to determine the antibiotic susceptibilities of biofilms from
weeks with the MRD to 3 days with the CBD. The CBD is also amenable to
automation because it is built on the typical platform for 96-well
plates. There were no differences in the MBECs for all three organisms obtained either by reading of the turbidity at 650 nm or by
quantitative bacteriology. This eliminates the need in most cases to do
quantitative microbiology to obtain MBECs, again contributing to the
ease of use of the assay and contributing to its automation potential.
The MICs obtained by NCCLS standard protocols and those obtained with
the CBD were similar for almost all antibiotics tested. This is an
interesting observation in that the planktonic population tested for
antibiotic susceptibility by the assay with the CBD is one that was
continually shed from the biofilm, whereas a prescribed inoculum was
tested by the NCCLS assay. The data could be interpreted to indicate
that the MIC is predictive of antibiotic efficacy against bacteria
being seeded from a nidus of infection, such as a biofilm on a catheter
or a line. This is consistent with what is often seen in recurrent
infections. Antibiotics that are seen to be effective in MIC assays are
able to produce symptomatic relief by eliminating the planktonic
population; however, because the biofilm is not eliminated by
antibiotic treatment, reinfection occurs once the antibiotic is removed.
A clear difference in antibiotic susceptibility was seen between
planktonic populations of each of the bacteria tested and the biofilm
populations of the same organism. These results obtained with the CBD
are in keeping with previously reported results obtained with the MRD
and by other methods of biofilm production (8, 12, 14, 22).
The data produced by Morck et al. (12), who used the MRD,
have recently been compared to data derived from the CBD, with the only
difference being that the current technology allows a more detailed
analysis of susceptibility because the number of samples that could be
handled was greatly increased (1). As a biofilm, each of the
isolates had an unique susceptibility to the group of antibiotics
tested. E. coli ATCC 25922 was the most sensitive to
tobramycin, with the other aminoglycoside tested (gentamicin) and the
-lactam piperacillin showing some activity against E. coli. The P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 biofilm was the most
susceptible to the aminoglycosides tobramycin and amikacin but was not
nearly as susceptible to gentamicin. Eradication of the
Pseudomonas biofilm could also be obtained with
ciprofloxacin at obtainable concentrations. The biofilm of S. aureus ATCC 29213 proved to be very difficult to eradicate, with
only gentamicin proving to be effective at achievable drug concentrations.
It is clear that the antibiotic susceptibilities of planktonic
populations, as determined by MIC methodologies, are not necessarily applicable to effective treatment of the same organism once a biofilm
has been established. One problem faced in selecting alternative antibiotic treatment has been the lack of an easy, reproducible assay
which could provide a measure of antibiotic activity against a biofilm.
The CBD provides a new technology that can be applied to recalcitrant,
recurrent, or device-related infections caused by organisms for which
MICs have not provided clinically relevant information. The CBD should
also prove to be important in the development of new antibiotics
selected for their efficacies against biofilms.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
The studies were funded by Natural Science and Engineering
Research Council of Canada grants to H. Ceri and M. E. Olson.
| |
FOOTNOTES |
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Biological
Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB
T2N 1N4, Canada. Phone: (403) 220-6960. Fax: (403) 289-9311. E-mail: ceri{at}acs.ucalgary.ca.
| |
REFERENCES |
| 1.
| Ceri, H., et al. Unpublished data.
|
| 1a.
|
Chaud, C.,
J. E. Lueet,
P. Rohner,
M. Herrmann, and R. Auckenthaler.
1991.
Resistance of S. aureus recovered from infected foreign body in-vivo to killing by antimicrobials.
J. Infect. Dis.
163:1369-1373[Medline].
|
| 2.
|
Christensen, G. D.,
W. A. Simpson,
A. Bisno, and E. Beachy.
1982.
Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces.
Infect. Immun.
37:318-326[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 3.
|
Christensen, G. D.,
W. A. Simpson,
J. J. Younger,
L. M. Baddour,
F. F. Barrett,
D. M. Melton, and E. Beachey.
1985.
Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
22:996-1006[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 4.
|
Costerton, J. W.,
Z. Lewandowski,
D. E. Caldwell,
D. R. Korber, and H. M. Lappin-Scott.
1995.
Microbial biofilms.
Annu. Rev. Microbiol.
49:711-745[Medline].
|
| 5.
|
Davies, D. G.,
M. R. Parsek,
J. P. Pearson,
B. H. Iglewski,
J. W. Costerton, and E. P. Greenberg.
1998.
The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of bacterial biofilms.
Science
280:295-298[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 6.
|
Evans, D. J.,
M. R. W. Brown,
D. G. Allison, and P. Gilbert.
1990.
Susceptibility of bacterial biofilms to tobramycin: role of specific growth rate and phase in the division cycle.
J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
25:585-591[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 7.
|
Johnson, G. M.,
D. A. Lee,
W. E. Regelman,
E. D. Gray,
G. Peter, and P. G. Quie.
1986.
Interference with granulocyte function by Staphylococcus epidermidis slime.
Infect. Immun.
54:13-20[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 8.
|
Kumon, H.,
N. Ono,
M. Ilda, and J. C. Nickel.
1995.
Combination effect of fosfomycin and ofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in biofilms.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
39:1038-1044[Abstract].
|
| 9.
|
Lam, J.,
R. Chan,
K. Lam, and J. W. Costerton.
1980.
Production of mucoid microcolonies by Pseudomonas aeruginosa within infected lungs in cystic fibrosis.
Infect. Immun.
28:546-556[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 10.
|
Larsen, T., and N.-E. Fiehn.
1996.
Resistance of Streptococcus sanguis biofilms to antimicrobial agents.
APMIS
104:280-284[Medline].
|
| 11.
|
Marrie, T. J., and J. W. Costerton.
1984.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of in situ bacterial colonization of intravenous and intraatrial catheters.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
19:687-693[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 12.
|
Morck, D. W.,
K. Lam,
S. G. McKay,
M. E. Olson,
B. Prosser,
B. D. Ellis,
R. Cleeland, and J. W. Costerton.
1994.
Comparative evaluation of fleroxacin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin as treatments of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in a rabbit model.
Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
4:S21-S27[Medline].
|
| 13.
|
Nickel, J. C.,
A. C. Gristina, and J. W. Costerton.
1985.
Electron microscopy of infected Foley catheter.
Can. J. Surg.
28:50-54[Medline].
|
| 14.
|
Raad, I.,
R. Darouiche,
R. Hachem,
M. Sacilowski, and G. P. Bodey.
1995.
Antibiotics and prevention of microbial colonization of catheters.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
39:2397-2400[Abstract].
|
| 15.
|
Reid, G.,
S. Sharman,
K. Advikolanu,
C. Tieszer,
R. Martin, and A. W. Bruce.
1994.
Effects of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin on in vitro adhesion and survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AK1 on urinary catheters.
Antomicrob. Agents Chemother.
38:1490-1495[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 16.
|
Rosser, B. T.,
D. Taylor,
P. A. Cix, and R. Cluland.
1987.
Methods for evaluating of antibiotics on bacterial biofilm.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
31:1502-1506[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 17.
|
Stewart, P. S.
1996.
Theoretical aspects of antibiotic diffusion into microbial biofilms.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
40:2517-2522[Abstract].
|
| 18.
|
Warren, J. W.,
H. L. Mucie,
E. J. Berquist, and J. M. Hoppes.
1981.
Sequelae and management of urinary tract infection in the patient requiring chronic catheterization.
J. Urol.
125:1-8[Medline].
|
| 19.
|
Widmer, A. F.,
A. Wiestner,
R. Frei, and W. Zimmerli.
1991.
Killing of nongrowing and adherent Escherichia coli determines drug efficacy in device-related infections.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
35:741-746[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 20.
|
Wilson, M.
1996.
Susceptibility of oral bacterial biofilms to antimicrobial agents.
J. Med. Microbiol.
44:79-87[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 21.
|
Wright, T. L.,
R. P. Ellen,
J.-M. Lacroix,
S. Sinnadurai, and M. W. Mittelman.
1997.
Effects of metronidazole on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms.
J. Periodont. Res.
32:473-477[Medline].
|
| 22.
|
Yassien, M.,
N. Khardori,
A. Ahmedy, and M. Toama.
1995.
Modulation of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by quinolones.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
38:2262-2268.
|
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 1999, p. 1771-1776, Vol. 37, No. 6
0095-1137/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
This article has been cited by other articles:
-
Periasamy, S., Kolenbrander, P. E.
(2009). Mutualistic Biofilm Communities Develop with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Initial, Early, and Late Colonizers of Enamel. J. Bacteriol.
191: 6804-6811
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ooi, N., Miller, K., Randall, C., Rhys-Williams, W., Love, W., Chopra, I.
(2009). XF-70 and XF-73, novel antibacterial agents active against slow-growing and non-dividing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus including biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother
0: dkp409v1-dkp409
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Foweraker, J. E., Laughton, C. R., Brown, D. F., Bilton, D.
(2009). Comparison of Methods To Test Antibiotic Combinations against Heterogeneous Populations of Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Patients with Acute Infective Exacerbations in Cystic Fibrosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 4809-4815
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Peeters, E., Nelis, H. J., Coenye, T.
(2009). In vitro activity of ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, minocycline, tobramycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole against planktonic and sessile Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother
64: 801-809
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Falsetta, M. L., Bair, T. B., Ku, S. C., vanden Hoven, R. N., Steichen, C. T., McEwan, A. G., Jennings, M. P., Apicella, M. A.
(2009). Transcriptional Profiling Identifies the Metabolic Phenotype of Gonococcal Biofilms. Infect. Immun.
77: 3522-3532
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Periasamy, S., Kolenbrander, P. E.
(2009). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Builds Mutualistic Biofilm Communities with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella Species in Saliva. Infect. Immun.
77: 3542-3551
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
LaPlante, K. L., Woodmansee, S.
(2009). Activities of Daptomycin and Vancomycin Alone and in Combination with Rifampin and Gentamicin against Biofilm-Forming Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in an Experimental Model of Endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 3880-3886
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hurdle, J. G., Yendapally, R., Sun, D., Lee, R. E.
(2009). Evaluation of Analogs of Reutericyclin as Prospective Candidates for Treatment of Staphylococcal Skin Infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 4028-4031
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Vanderlinde, E. M., Muszynski, A., Harrison, J. J., Koval, S. F., Foreman, D. L., Ceri, H., Kannenberg, E. L., Carlson, R. W., Yost, C. K.
(2009). Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae 3841, deficient in 27-hydroxyoctacosanoate-modified lipopolysaccharide, is impaired in desiccation tolerance, biofilm formation and motility. Microbiology
155: 3055-3069
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Presterl, E., Hajdu, S., Lassnigg, A. M., Hirschl, A. M., Holinka, J., Graninger, W.
(2009). Effects of Azithromycin in Combination with Vancomycin, Daptomycin, Fosfomycin, Tigecycline, and Ceftriaxone on Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 3205-3210
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Singh, R., Ray, P., Das, A., Sharma, M.
(2009). Role of persisters and small-colony variants in antibiotic resistance of planktonic and biofilm-associated Staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro study. J Med Microbiol
58: 1067-1073
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
LaPlante, K. L., Mermel, L. A.
(2009). In Vitro Activities of Telavancin and Vancomycin against Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecalis Strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 3166-3169
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Harrison, J. J., Wade, W. D., Akierman, S., Vacchi-Suzzi, C., Stremick, C. A., Turner, R. J., Ceri, H.
(2009). The Chromosomal Toxin Gene yafQ Is a Determinant of Multidrug Tolerance for Escherichia coli Growing in a Biofilm. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 2253-2258
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
O'May, C. Y., Sanderson, K., Roddam, L. F., Kirov, S. M., Reid, D. W.
(2009). Iron-binding compounds impair Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, especially under anaerobic conditions. J Med Microbiol
58: 765-773
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Periasamy, S., Chalmers, N. I., Du-Thumm, L., Kolenbrander, P. E.
(2009). Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 Requires Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 43146 for Growth on Saliva in a Three-Species Community That Includes Streptococcus oralis 34. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75: 3250-3257
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Qu, Y., Istivan, T. S., Daley, A. J., Rouch, D. A., Deighton, M. A.
(2009). Comparison of various antimicrobial agents as catheter lock solutions: preference for ethanol in eradication of coagulase-negative staphylococcal biofilms. J Med Microbiol
58: 442-450
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Belley, A., Neesham-Grenon, E., McKay, G., Arhin, F. F., Harris, R., Beveridge, T., Parr, T. R. Jr., Moeck, G.
(2009). Oritavancin Kills Stationary-Phase and Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus Cells In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 918-925
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Rose, W. E., Poppens, P. T.
(2009). Impact of biofilm on the in vitro activity of vancomycin alone and in combination with tigecycline and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother
63: 485-488
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Chalmers, N. I., Palmer, R. J. Jr., Cisar, J. O., Kolenbrander, P. E.
(2008). Characterization of a Streptococcus sp.-Veillonella sp. Community Micromanipulated from Dental Plaque. J. Bacteriol.
190: 8145-8154
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Takla, T. A., Zelenitsky, S. A., Vercaigne, L. M.
(2008). Effectiveness of a 30% ethanol/4% trisodium citrate locking solution in preventing biofilm formation by organisms causing haemodialysis catheter-related infections. J Antimicrob Chemother
62: 1024-1026
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Phan, V., Belas, R., Gilmore, B. F., Ceri, H.
(2008). ZapA, a Virulence Factor in a Rat Model of Proteus mirabilis-Induced Acute and Chronic Prostatitis. Infect. Immun.
76: 4859-4864
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Lim, Y. M., de Groof, A. J. C., Bhattacharjee, M. K., Figurski, D. H., Schon, E. A.
(2008). Bacterial Conjugation in the Cytoplasm of Mouse Cells. Infect. Immun.
76: 5110-5119
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Skindersoe, M. E., Alhede, M., Phipps, R., Yang, L., Jensen, P. O., Rasmussen, T. B., Bjarnsholt, T., Tolker-Nielsen, T., Hoiby, N., Givskov, M.
(2008). Effects of Antibiotics on Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
52: 3648-3663
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Overhage, J., Campisano, A., Bains, M., Torfs, E. C. W., Rehm, B. H. A., Hancock, R. E. W.
(2008). Human Host Defense Peptide LL-37 Prevents Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Infect. Immun.
76: 4176-4182
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Valappil, S. P., Knowles, J. C., Wilson, M.
(2008). Effect of Silver-Doped Phosphate-Based Glasses on Bacterial Biofilm Growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
74: 5228-5230
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Harrison, J. J., Turner, R. J., Joo, D. A., Stan, M. A., Chan, C. S., Allan, N. D., Vrionis, H. A., Olson, M. E., Ceri, H.
(2008). Copper and Quaternary Ammonium Cations Exert Synergistic Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
52: 2870-2881
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Greendyke, R., Byrd, T. F.
(2008). Differential Antibiotic Susceptibility of Mycobacterium abscessus Variants in Biofilms and Macrophages Compared to That of Planktonic Bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
52: 2019-2026
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Patriquin, G. M., Banin, E., Gilmour, C., Tuchman, R., Greenberg, E. P., Poole, K.
(2008). Influence of Quorum Sensing and Iron on Twitching Motility and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol.
190: 662-671
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Valappil, S. P., Pickup, D. M., Carroll, D. L., Hope, C. K., Pratten, J., Newport, R. J., Smith, M. E., Wilson, M., Knowles, J. C.
(2007). Effect of Silver Content on the Structure and Antibacterial Activity of Silver-Doped Phosphate-Based Glasses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
51: 4453-4461
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Yarwood, J. M., Paquette, K. M., Tikh, I. B., Volper, E. M., Greenberg, E. P.
(2007). Generation of Virulence Factor Variants in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. J. Bacteriol.
189: 7961-7967
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Litzler, P.-Y., Benard, L., Barbier-Frebourg, N., Vilain, S., Jouenne, T., Beucher, E., Bunel, C., Lemeland, J.-F., Bessou, J.-P.
(2007). Biofilm formation on pyrolytic carbon heart valves: Influence of surface free energy, roughness, and bacterial species.. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
134: 1025-1032
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
LaPlante, K. L., Mermel, L. A.
(2007). In vitro activity of daptomycin and vancomycin lock solutions on staphylococcal biofilms in a central venous catheter model. Nephrol Dial Transplant
22: 2239-2246
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Harrison, J. J., Ceri, H., Yerly, J., Rabiei, M., Hu, Y., Martinuzzi, R., Turner, R. J.
(2007). Metal Ions May Suppress or Enhance Cellular Differentiation in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis Biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
73: 4940-4949
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Lu, T. K., Collins, J. J.
(2007). Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
104: 11197-11202
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Chiu, A. G., Antunes, M. B., Palmer, J. N., Cohen, N. A.
(2007). Evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of topical tobramycin against Pseudomonas sinonasal biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother
59: 1130-1134
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Garo, E., Eldridge, G. R., Goering, M. G., Pulcini, E. D., Hamilton, M. A., Costerton, J. W., James, G. A.
(2007). Asiatic Acid and Corosolic Acid Enhance the Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms to Tobramycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
51: 1813-1817
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Mikkelsen, H., Duck, Z., Lilley, K. S., Welch, M.
(2007). Interrelationships between Colonies, Biofilms, and Planktonic Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol.
189: 2411-2416
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Frank, K. L., Reichert, E. J., Piper, K. E., Patel, R.
(2007). In Vitro Effects of Antimicrobial Agents on Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
51: 888-895
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Onland, W., Shin, C. E., Fustar, S., Rushing, T., Wong, W.-Y.
(2006). Ethanol-Lock Technique for Persistent Bacteremia of Long-term Intravascular Devices in Pediatric Patients.. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
160: 1049-1053
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Baillif, S., Casoli, E., Marion, K., Roques, C., Pellon, G., Hartmann, D. J., Freney, J., Burillon, C., Kodjikian, L.
(2006). A Novel In Vitro Model to Study Staphylococcal Biofilm Formation on Intraocular Lenses under Hydrodynamic Conditions.. IOVS
47: 3410-3416
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
O'Connell, H. A., Kottkamp, G. S., Eppelbaum, J. L., Stubblefield, B. A., Gilbert, S. E., Gilbert, E. S.
(2006). Influences of biofilm structure and antibiotic resistance mechanisms on indirect pathogenicity in a model polymicrobial biofilm.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 5013-5019
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Howard, S. T., Rhoades, E., Recht, J., Pang, X., Alsup, A., Kolter, R., Lyons, C. R., Byrd, T. F.
(2006). Spontaneous reversion of Mycobacterium abscessus from a smooth to a rough morphotype is associated with reduced expression of glycopeptidolipid and reacquisition of an invasive phenotype. Microbiology
152: 1581-1590
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Wei, G.-X., Campagna, A. N., Bobek, L. A.
(2006). Effect of MUC7 peptides on the growth of bacteria and on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. J Antimicrob Chemother
57: 1100-1109
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Curtin, J. J., Donlan, R. M.
(2006). Using Bacteriophages To Reduce Formation of Catheter-Associated Biofilms by Staphylococcus epidermidis.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
50: 1268-1275
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Mampel, J., Spirig, T., Weber, S. S., Haagensen, J. A. J., Molin, S., Hilbi, H.
(2006). Planktonic Replication Is Essential for Biofilm Formation by Legionella pneumophila in a Complex Medium under Static and Dynamic Flow Conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 2885-2895
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Sandoe, J. A. T., Wysome, J., West, A. P., Heritage, J., Wilcox, M. H.
(2006). Measurement of ampicillin, vancomycin, linezolid and gentamicin activity against enterococcal biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother
57: 767-770
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Mokrzycki, M. H., Zhang, M., Cohen, H., Golestaneh, L., Laut, J. M., Rosenberg, S. O.
(2006). Tunnelled haemodialysis catheter bacteraemia: risk factors for bacteraemia recurrence, infectious complications and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant
21: 1024-1031
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Saginur, R., StDenis, M., Ferris, W., Aaron, S. D., Chan, F., Lee, C., Ramotar, K.
(2006). Multiple Combination Bactericidal Testing of Staphylococcal Biofilms from Implant-Associated Infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
50: 55-61
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Moskowitz, S. M., Foster, J. M., Emerson, J. C., Gibson, R. L., Burns, J. L.
(2005). Use of Pseudomonas biofilm susceptibilities to assign simulated antibiotic regimens for cystic fibrosis airway infection. J Antimicrob Chemother
56: 879-886
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hill, D., Rose, B., Pajkos, A., Robinson, M., Bye, P., Bell, S., Elkins, M., Thompson, B., MacLeod, C., Aaron, S. D., Harbour, C.
(2005). Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Derived from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis under Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Biofilm Conditions. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 5085-5090
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Harrison, J. J., Ceri, H., Roper, N. J., Badry, E. A., Sproule, K. M., Turner, R. J.
(2005). Persister cells mediate tolerance to metal oxyanions in Escherichia coli. Microbiology
151: 3181-3195
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Tomlin, K. L., Malott, R. J., Ramage, G., Storey, D. G., Sokol, P. A., Ceri, H.
(2005). Quorum-Sensing Mutations Affect Attachment and Stability of Burkholderia cenocepacia Biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 5208-5218
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Cerca, N., Martins, S., Cerca, F., Jefferson, K. K., Pier, G. B., Oliveira, R., Azeredo, J.
(2005). Comparative assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci in biofilm versus planktonic culture as assessed by bacterial enumeration or rapid XTT colorimetry. J Antimicrob Chemother
56: 331-336
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Pettit, R. K., Weber, C. A., Kean, M. J., Hoffmann, H., Pettit, G. R., Tan, R., Franks, K. S., Horton, M. L.
(2005). Microplate Alamar Blue Assay for Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Susceptibility Testing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
49: 2612-2617
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Foweraker, J. E., Laughton, C. R., Brown, D. F. J., Bilton, D.
(2005). Phenotypic variability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputa from patients with acute infective exacerbation of cystic fibrosis and its impact on the validity of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. J Antimicrob Chemother
55: 921-927
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
De Keersmaecker, S. C. J., Varszegi, C., van Boxel, N., Habel, L. W., Metzger, K., Daniels, R., Marchal, K., De Vos, D., Vanderleyden, J.
(2005). Chemical Synthesis of (S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione, a Bacterial Signal Molecule Precursor, and Validation of Its Activity in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem.
280: 19563-19568
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Miller, K., Storey, C., Stubbings, W. J., Hoyle, A. M., Hobbs, J. K., Chopra, I.
(2005). Antistaphylococcal activity of the novel cephalosporin CB-181963 (CAB-175). J Antimicrob Chemother
55: 579-582
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Goeres, D. M., Loetterle, L. R., Hamilton, M. A., Murga, R., Kirby, D. W., Donlan, R. M.
(2005). Statistical assessment of a laboratory method for growing biofilms. Microbiology
151: 757-762
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Trebse, R., Pisot, V., Trampuz, A.
(2005). Treatment of infected retained implants. J Bone Joint Surg Br
87-B: 249-256
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Presterl, E., Grisold, A. J., Reichmann, S., Hirschl, A. M., Georgopoulos, A., Graninger, W.
(2005). Viridans streptococci in endocarditis and neutropenic sepsis: biofilm formation and effects of antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother
55: 45-50
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Zimmerli, W., Trampuz, A., Ochsner, P. E.
(2004). Prosthetic-Joint Infections. NEJM
351: 1645-1654
[Full Text]
-
Aaron, S.D., Kottachchi, D., Ferris, W.J., Vandemheen, K.L., St. Denis, M.L., Plouffe, A., Doucette, S.P., Saginur, R., Chan, F.T., Ramotar, K.
(2004). Sputum versus bronchoscopy for diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J
24: 631-637
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Fux, C. A., Wilson, S., Stoodley, P.
(2004). Detachment Characteristics and Oxacillin Resistance of Staphyloccocus aureus Biofilm Emboli in an In Vitro Catheter Infection Model. J. Bacteriol.
186: 4486-4491
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Moskowitz, S. M., Foster, J. M., Emerson, J., Burns, J. L.
(2004). Clinically Feasible Biofilm Susceptibility Assay for Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 1915-1922
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Yarwood, J. M., Bartels, D. J., Volper, E. M., Greenberg, E. P.
(2004). Quorum Sensing in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. J. Bacteriol.
186: 1838-1850
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Bodenmiller, D., Toh, E., Brun, Y. V.
(2004). Development of Surface Adhesion in Caulobacter crescentus. J. Bacteriol.
186: 1438-1447
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Kadurugamuwa, J. L., Sin, L. V., Yu, J., Francis, K. P., Kimura, R., Purchio, T., Contag, P. R.
(2003). Rapid Direct Method for Monitoring Antibiotics in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Biofilm Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
47: 3130-3137
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Conley, J., Olson, M. E., Cook, L. S., Ceri, H., Phan, V., Davies, H. D.
(2003). Biofilm Formation by Group A Streptococci: Is There a Relationship with Treatment Failure?. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 4043-4048
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Finelli, A., Gallant, C. V., Jarvi, K., Burrows, L. L.
(2003). Use of In-Biofilm Expression Technology To Identify Genes Involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development. J. Bacteriol.
185: 2700-2710
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Aaron, S. D., Ferris, W., Ramotar, K., Vandemheen, K., Chan, F., Saginur, R.
(2002). Single and Combination Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Planktonic, Adherent, and Biofilm-Grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Cultured from Sputa of Adults with Cystic Fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 4172-4179
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Luppens, S. B. I., Reij, M. W., van der Heijden, R. W. L., Rombouts, F. M., Abee, T.
(2002). Development of a Standard Test To Assess the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Cells to Disinfectants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
68: 4194-4200
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Shah, C. B., Mittelman, M. W., Costerton, J. W., Parenteau, S., Pelak, M., Arsenault, R., Mermel, L. A.
(2002). Antimicrobial Activity of a Novel Catheter Lock Solution. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
46: 1674-1679
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Dunne, W. M. Jr.
(2002). Bacterial Adhesion: Seen Any Good Biofilms Lately?. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
15: 155-166
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Donlan, R. M., Costerton, J. W.
(2002). Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
15: 167-193
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Kuhn, D. M., Chandra, J., Mukherjee, P. K., Ghannoum, M. A.
(2002). Comparison of Biofilms Formed by Candidaalbicans and Candidaparapsilosis on Bioprosthetic Surfaces. Infect. Immun.
70: 878-888
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Monzon, M., Oteiza, C., Leiva, J., Amorena, B.
(2001). Synergy of different antibiotic combinations in biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Antimicrob Chemother
48: 793-801
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Spoering, A. L., Lewis, K.
(2001). Biofilms and Planktonic Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Have Similar Resistance to Killing by Antimicrobials. J. Bacteriol.
183: 6746-6751
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ciofu, O., Fussing, V., Bagge, N., Koch, C., Hoiby, N.
(2001). Characterization of paired mucoid/non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Danish cystic fibrosis patients: antibiotic resistance, {beta}-lactamase activity and RiboPrinting. J Antimicrob Chemother
48: 391-396
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ramage, G., Vande Walle, K., Wickes, B. L., Lopez-Ribot, J. L.
(2001). Standardized Method for In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 2475-2479
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
De Kievit, T. R., Parkins, M. D., Gillis, R. J., Srikumar, R., Ceri, H., Poole, K., Iglewski, B. H., Storey, D. G.
(2001). Multidrug Efflux Pumps: Expression Patterns and Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 1761-1770
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Lewis, K.
(2001). Riddle of Biofilm Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
45: 999-1007
[Full Text]
-
Wilcox, M. H., Kite, P., Mills, K., Sugden, S.
(2001). In situ measurement of linezolid and vancomycin concentrations in intravascular catheter-associated biofilm. J Antimicrob Chemother
47: 171-175
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Brooun, A., Liu, S., Lewis, K.
(2000). A Dose-Response Study of Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
44: 640-646
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
Top
Abstract
Introduction
